Public debt-to-GDP ratios remained high, with increasing reliance on external borrowing to meet fiscal obligations. Despite efforts to improve investor confidence, actual foreign direct investment inflows in 2024 fell short of projections. The Federal Board of Revenue also failed to meet its tax collection targets despite imposing heavy taxes. Paki
in the North is a quickly escalating
dominance of the NSR and the country’s claims in the Arctic (see EDM, November 15, 2022, February 22, 2023; The Barents Observer, May 18, 2022; To Be Precise, September 22, 2023; TASS; RIA Novosti, September 11, 2024; The Moscow Times, September 12, 2024). While Moscow celebrates what it has achieved—and often even what it has not—the situati
naval shipbuilding in the country
As India’s naval shipbuilding sector welcomes increased private-sector participation, companies such as L&T and Adani Defence are making inroads, while global giants are eyeing the market for opportunities. Strategic naval shipbuilding in the country remains anchored in the public sector, where sovereign control over military assets is paramo
based on their Muslim identity
In India, Muslims live under constant threat of violence. They are often accused of carrying beef — anathema to some devout Hindus — or face baseless allegations of being Bangladeshi or Rohingya migrants. This hostility extends beyond online hate speech and manifests in real-life incidents. Shortly after Hasina fled to Ghaziabad from Bangladesh
Ukrainian President Volodymy
both leaders agreed to tackle the root cause of the conflict and announced immediate negotiations. Since then, the discourse around the war has shifted, raising expectations of ending hostilities as the conflict enters its third year. Yet, achieving lasting peace in Ukraine remains highly complex. With Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky walking